Biblical scholars Jennifer Garcia Bashaw and Aaron Higashi point out the difficulties that arise if Christians try to read the Genesis creation stories literally:
It can be difficult to fully appreciate the seven-day schema of creation in Genesis 1 when we’re reading the text in the modern world, where the sciences all attest to an earth that formed over billions of years. Many people in fact feel uncomfortable with this apparent contradiction….
Indeed, there are many Bible readers who, out of a sense of loyalty to a literal-historical understanding of Genesis 1, feel compelled to deny the conclusions of modern sciences. But this feeling is unnecessary because Genesis 1–2:3 does not claim to be a literal-historical text. Rather, it’s a part of a common genre of ancient religious literature known as the creation myth, which is not intended to be a historical representation of events.
The second creation story in Genesis contradicts much of the first. Garcia Bashaw and Higashi show how both are needed:
In Genesis 1, God is a transcendent being who creates the world through acts of speech in a structured process where each step is already anticipating the next. In Genesis 1, God is so successful in creating the world that each day is called good, and God can rest at the end, certain that everything is working as intended.
In Genesis 2, we see something different. In this passage, God is a human-like being who creates by forming things with God’s own hands and breathing life into them. The process in Genesis 2 is fraught with setbacks, where God discovers man’s loneliness isn’t good. God proceeds to make animals to try to fix that loneliness, and then makes Eve because the animals don’t suffice.
In addition to the chapters’ portrayals of God, the stories flatly contradict each other in their orders of creation. In Genesis 1, vegetation is created before animals, then animals are created before men and women, who are made at the same time. But in Genesis 2:4 and following, Adam is created before any vegetation, then animals are created before Eve.…
In many ways, the Bible does us a favor by beginning with two contradictory stories. In so doing, the Bible signals to us at the outset what this text actually is: a diverse collection of religious traditions that have been brought together by different communities of faith over a long period of time…. When you read the Bible, you’re reading an anthology of ancient religious literature—not a textbook, not an instructional manual, not a love letter from God, and not a complete work of systematic theology.
Now, just because it’s an anthology of ancient religious literature doesn’t mean it can’t be inspired by God, or say true things about God, or be helpful in trying to understand God. Its being an anthology just means that whatever is in it that is true, inspired, or helpful will come through in many, sometimes conflicting, voices.
Reference:
From Serving Up Scripture: How to Interpret the Bible for Yourself and Others by Jennifer Garcia Bashaw and Aaron Higashi. Copyright © 2026 Broadleaf Books. Reproduced by permission. Pages 58, 61–62.
Image credit and inspiration: Sergey Kvint, untitled (detail), 2023, photo, Unsplash. Click here to enlarge image. A single green shoot rising from the forest floor tells a quiet story of the earth’s own generative imagination.
Story from Our Community:
As I was sitting on our back deck for my regular quiet morning reflection, I was looking out on the trees and grasses. I suddenly became aware that every leaf on every tree and every blade of grass was alive. We don’t know how to make that happen, only the Creator of life gives the gift of life and love.
—Ray P.
