CAC faculty member Brian McLaren offers a brief history of the Babylonian exile, a defining crisis in the biblical story:
It was about 800 BCE. The Israelites and Judeans had already survived so much. In addition to all the trouble within their respective borders—much of it caused by corrupt leaders—even bigger trouble was brewing outside. The two tiny nations were dwarfed by superpower neighbors, each of which had desires to expand. To the north and east were the Assyrians. To the east were the Babylonians, and to their east, the Persians. To the south were the Egyptians, and to the west, the Mediterranean Sea. How could Israel and Judah, each smaller than present-day Jamaica, Qatar, or Connecticut, hope to survive, surrounded in this way?
The northern Kingdom of Israel fell first. In 722 BCE, the Assyrians invaded and deported many of the Israelites into Assyria. These displaced Israelites eventually intermarried and lost their distinct identity as children of Abraham. They’re remembered today as “the ten lost tribes of Israel.” The Assyrians quickly repopulated the conquered kingdom with large numbers of their own, who then intermarried with the remaining Israelites. The mixed descendants, later known as Samaritans, would experience a long-standing tension with the “pure” descendants of Abraham in Judah to the south.
Judah resisted conquest for just over another century, during which Assyrian power declined and Babylonian power increased. Finally, around 587 BCE, Judah was conquered by the Babylonians. Jerusalem and its temple were destroyed. The nation’s “brightest and best” were deported as exiles to the Babylonian capital. The peasants were left to fill the land and “share” their harvest with the occupying regime. For about seventy years, this sorry state of affairs continued.
By 538 BCE, the Persian Empire allowed the exiled Judeans to return to the land and rebuild. They experienced new freedoms but remained under imperial rule:
How should they interpret their plight? Some feared that God had failed or abandoned them. Others blamed themselves for displeasing God in some way. Those who felt abandoned by God expressed their devastation in heart-rending poetry. Those who felt they had displeased God tried to identify their offenses, assign blame, and call for repentance. It was during this devastating period of exile and return that much of the oral tradition known to Christians as the Old Testament was either written down for the first time, or reedited and compiled. No wonder, arising in such times of turmoil and tumult, the Bible is such a dynamic collection! [1]
Psalm 42 expresses the pain of exile:
I say to God, my rock,
“Why have you forgotten me?
Why must I walk about mournfully
because the enemy oppresses me?”
As with a deadly wound in my body,
my adversaries taunt me,
while they say to me continually,
“Where is your God?”
Why are you cast down, O my soul,
and why are you disquieted within me?
Hope in God, for I shall again praise him,
my help and my God. (Psalm 42:10–11)
Reference:
Brian D. McLaren, We Make the Road by Walking: A Year-Long Quest for Spiritual Formation, Reorientation, and Activation (Jericho Books, 2014), 56–57.
Image credit and inspiration: Michael Sturgeon, untitled (detail), 2020, photo, Ukraine, Unsplash. Click here to enlarge image. The drummer holds on to the inner rhythm that exile cannot erase—a rhythm echoed in the Psalms—the power of music to name oppression, remember home, and resist forgetting.
Story from Our Community:
When I feel a great deal of anger for whatever reason, I first read one of the Psalms. I don’t have any certain one, but I often turn to Psalm 27. I try to sit quietly and tune in to God with a hand labyrinth, running my finger around a wooden board that has a spiral cut into it. As I go towards the center, I think of traveling into the heart of God. As I go outwards, I think of taking God’s heart out into the world.
—Liz H.
